| Notater |
- Harald Haarfager (c.850-c.933) is the forefather of the so called "House of Ynglinga". The House of Ynglinga initiated the rise of nationhood in Scandinavia, and eventually lead to the formation of the three modern states: Norway, Denmark, and Sweden.
Harald Haarfagre (Old Norse: Haraldr h?rfagri; in english: Finehair or Fairhair) is recognised as the first monarch (872-930) of a sovereign Norway, but of course this was a process that lasted for much longer than his reign. The process of uniting Norway was a fight between three different powers: Harold Fairhair and his descendants, the House of Lade, and the Danish monarchs.
The predecessor kingdom to Norway and Denmark was called Haithabu (also known as: Hedeby or Haddeby), but we don't know much about it. It is believed that this kingdom once could have included parts of southern Norway, Jylland, and northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein), at least prior to 850-900. Haithabu was Scandinavia's greatest trading power. The kings during that period were likely not sovereign kings. Kings prior to Harold Haarfager (ruled 865-890) have never been historically confirmed, and there is even doubt about Harold Haarfager himself.
Little is known of the historical Harald. The only contemporary sources mentioning him are the two skaldic poems Haraldskv??i and Glymdr?pa, by ?orbj?rn Hornklofi. The first poem describes life at Harald's court, mentions that he took a Danish wife, and that he won a victory at Hafrsfjord. The second relates a series of battles Harald has won. He is not mentioned in any contemporary foreign sources. His life was described in several of the Kings' sagas, but the first of these were not written until the end of the 12th century, over 250 years after his death. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on several points, and much of the content is clearly mythological. He is credited with having unified Norway into one kingdom. Modern historians assume that his rule was limited to the coastal areas of southern Norway.
The sagas tell us that Harald succeeded, on the death of his father Halfdan the Black in A.D. 860, to the sovereignty of several small, and somewhat scattered kingdoms in Vestfold, which had come into his father's hands through conquest and inheritance.
The unification of Norway is, according to a tale, somewhat of a love story. The tale begins with a marriage proposal that resulted in rejection and scorn from Gyda, the daughter of Eirik, king of Hordaland. She said she refused to marry Harald "before he was king over all of Norway". Harald was therefore induced to take a vow not to cut nor comb his hair until he was sole king of Norway, and that ten years later, he was justified in trimming it; whereupon he exchanged the epithet "Shockhead" or "Tanglehair" for the one by which he is usually known. Most scholars today regard this story as a literary tale inspired by the Romance stories popular at the courts, by the time Heimskringla was written.
In 866, Harald made the first of a series of conquests over the many petty kingdoms which would compose Norway, including V?rmland in Sweden, and modern day south-eastern Norway, which had sworn allegiance to the Swedish king Erik Eymundsson. In 872, after a great victory at Hafrsfjord near Stavanger, Harald found himself king over the whole country. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from without, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in Iceland, then recently discovered; but also in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides Islands, Faroe Islands and the northern European mainland. However, his opponents leaving wasn't entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands and the Scottish mainland of some Vikings who tried to hide there.
It was long thought that Harald thus caused the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. According to this view, Iceland was settled by "malcontents" from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership. This view has been largely abandoned by modern historians, as archaeological finds have shown that the settlement of Iceland started before Harald's reign in Norway.
There are several accounts of large feasting mead halls constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. According to a legend recorded by Snorri Sturluson, in the Heimskringla, the late 9th century V?rmlandish chieftain ?ki invited both the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish king Eric Eymundsson, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects. The older Swedish king, on the other hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed ?ki.
The latter part of Harald's reign was disturbed by the strife of his many sons. He gave them all the royal title and assigned lands to them, which they were to govern as his representatives; but this arrangement did not put an end to the discord, which continued into the next reign. When he grew old, Harald handed over the supreme power to his favourite son Eirik Bloodaxe, whom he intended to be his successor. Eirik I ruled side-by-side with his father when Harald was 80 years old. Harald died three years later due to age in approximately 933. The number of sons he left varies in the different saga accounts, from 11 to 20. Twelve of his sons are named as kings, two of them over the whole country.
Harald's children with ?sa, daughter of H?kon Grjotgardsson, Earl of Lade:
* Guttorm Haraldsson, king of Ranrike
* Halvdan Kvite (Haraldsson), king of Trondheim
* Halvdan Svarte (Haraldsson), king of Trondheim.
* Sigr?d Haraldsson, king of Trondheim
Children with Gyda:
* ?lov ?rbot (Haraldsdotter)
* R?rek Haraldsson
* Sigtrygg Haraldsson
* Frode Haraldsson
* (Torgils Haraldsson)?
Children with Ragnhild Eiriksdotter of Jutland:
* Eirik Bloodaxe, king of Norway.
Children with Svanhild, daughter of Eystein Earl:
* Bj?rn Farmann, king of Vestfold.
* Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf, king of Vingulmark, later also Vestfold.
* Ragnar Rykkel
Children with ?shild, daughter of Ring Dagsson:
* Ring Haraldsson
* Dag Haraldsson
* Gudr?d Skirja
* Ingegjerd Haraldsdotter
Children with Sn?frid, daughter of Sv?se the Finn:
* Halvdan H?legg
* Gudr?d Ljome
* Ragnvald Rettilbeine
* Sigurd Rise
Children with Tora Mosterstong, his maid:
* Haakon the Good, king of Norway.
Other children:
* Ingebj?rg Haraldsdotter
Harald was the grandfather of Harald II.
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 July 2015.
|
850 - 933 (~ 83 år)
